Classifications of Pumps

Engineering ToolBox > Classifications of Pumps

Selecting between Centrifugal Pumps and Positive Displacement Pumps

Pumps are in general classified as Centrifugal Pumps (or Roto-dynamic pumps) and Positive Displacement Pumps.

Centrifugal Pumps (Roto-dynamic pumps)

The centrifugal or roto-dynamic pump produce a head and a flow by increasing the velocity of the liquid through the machine with the help of a rotating vane impeller. Centrifugal pumps include radial, axial and mixed flow units.

Centrifugal pumps can further be classified as

end suction pumps
in-line pumps
double suction pumps
vertical multistage pumps
horizontal multistage pumps
submersible pumps
self-priming pumps
axial-flow pumps
regenerative pumps

Positive Displacement Pumps

The positive displacement pump operates by alternating of filling a cavity and then displacing a given volume of liquid. The positive displacement pump delivers a constant volume of liquid for each cycle against varying discharge pressure or head.

The positive displacement pump can be classified as:

Reciprocating pumps - piston, plunger and diaphragm
Power pumps
Steam pumps
Rotary pumps - gear, lobe, screw, vane, regenerative (peripheral) and progressive cavity

Selecting between Centrifugal or Positive Displacement Pumps

Selecting between a Centrifugal Pump or a Positive Displacement Pump is not always straight forward.

Flow Rate and Pressure Head

The two types of pumps behave very differently regarding pressure head and flow rate:

The Centrifugal Pump has varying flow depending on the system pressure or head
The Positive Displacement Pump has more or less a constant flow regardless of the system pressure or head. Positive Displacement pumps generally gives more pressure than Centrifugal Pump's.

Capacity and Viscosity

Another major difference between the pump types is the effect of viscosity on the capacity:

In the Centrifugal Pump the flow is reduced when the viscosity is increased
In the Positive Displacement Pump the flow is increased when viscosity is increased

Liquids with high viscosity fills the clearances of a Positive Displacement Pump causing a higher volumetric efficiency and a Positive Displacement Pump is better suited for high viscosity applications. A Centrifugal Pump becomes very inefficient at even modest viscosity.

Mechanical Efficiency

The pumps behaves different considering mechanical efficiency as well.

Changing the system pressure or head has little or no effect on the flow rate in the Positive Displacement Pump
Changing the system pressure or head has a dramatic effect on the flow rate in the Centrifugal Pump

Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH

Another consideration is the Net Positive Suction Head NPSH.

In a Centrifugal Pump, NPSH varies as a function of flow determined by pressure
In a Positive Displacement Pump, NPSH varies as a function of flow determined by speed. Reducing the speed of the Positive Displacement Pump pump, reduces the NPSH